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New Zealand's existing experimental use exceptions have been established through case law and a Bolar-type provision that was introduced into the Patents Act in December 2002. This provision essentially allows the reasonable use of an invention for the purposes of gaining regulatory approval. The case law attempts to clarify the distinction between research and use of an invention that is not for direct commercial gain, and research and use of an invention that is for commercial gain. The boundary between the two is unclear and at the moment the New Zealand courts are ultimately left to determine what activity constitutes legitimate experimental use and what constitutes infringement.

IP owners who expect China's enforcement regime to mirror that in Europe and the US may be disappointed. But as Patrick Coyne and Ningling Wang of Finnegan Henderson explain, the Chinese system still provides plenty of enforcement opportunities for foreign investors willing to look beyond the newspaper headlines

Italian law number 80/2005 introduced incisive measures to combat counterfeiting, including:

In a recent case concerning the admissibility of evidence and the construction of patents, the Irish Supreme Court endorsed the purposive approach to patent claim construction under Article 69 of the European Patent Convention and its Protocol. In upholding a decision by the High Court, the Supreme Court refused to permit the introduction of documentation used in arguments before foreign patent offices and in foreign proceedings concerning the scope of the patent at issue.

Li Jian, a judge in the IP division of the Supreme People's Court provides a guide to China's system of civil litigation and explains how recent developments will affect plaintiffs and defendants in IP lawsuits

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) holds German trade mark registrations for Fussball WM 2006 and WM 2006 for, inter alia, goods and services covering sporting events. These registrations were subject to cancellation actions, filed by Ferrero, who submitted that the marks lack distinctive character and are descriptive in relation to such goods and services; moreover, it was also alleged that the trade mark registrations were filed in bad faith.

Customs officers have the power to stop the flow of fakes at China's borders. But if they are to do their job properly, they need far more help from IP owners, says Li Qunying, chief of the IP division in China's Customs administration

Emma Barraclough, Hong Kong

Has China turned a corner in its commitment to protecting IP? A series of headline-grabbing court rulings at the end of 2005 in which Chinese judges upheld the rights of IP owners certainly suggests that foreign businesses can have far more success in enforcing their rights than is commonly believed. In the space of two months, Starbucks won an order for damages from would-be rival Shanghai Xing Ba Ke, Italian chocolate maker Ferrero stopped a copycat confectioner from selling look-alike products and five luxury goods companies persuaded a Beijing court to hold a landlord jointly liable for sales of fakes in his market.

Stéphanie Bodoni, London