Evidence of non-use of a mark for three consecutive years constitutes a prima facie showing of abandonment, triggering a rebuttable presumption that a mark was abandoned without intent to resume use. The rebuttable presumption then shifts to the party contesting an abandonment claim to submit evidence of use during the alleged period of non-use in situations where its registration basis is either Section 1(a) or 44(e) of the Trademark Act. However, in the circumstance of a ‘never-used’ mark registered on the basis of Trademark Act Section 66(a), an intent to begin use is acceptable evidence to rebut the presumption of abandonment. This distinction played a key role in a decision recently rendered by the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) in Wirecard AG v Striatum Ventures B.V.