On June 2 2014, the Director of the Bureau of Legal Affairs (BLA), the adjudicating bureau of the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) issued two decisions related to the first-to-file rule. Under Section 123.1(d) of the IP Code, which took effect on January 1 1998, a mark is not registrable if it is identical to a "mark with an earlier filing or priority date in respect of the same goods or services, or closely related goods or services, or if it nearly resembles such a mark as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion". Many domestic applicants have construed the first-to-file rule as an opportunity or entitlement to own marks which have not been registered nor applied for with the IPOPHL. In these cases, the BLA Director makes the clarification.