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Shahnaz Mahmud, New York

James Nurton, Munich

Attorney General Philip Ruddock has claimed Australia's Copyright Amendment Bill, passed by Parliament on December 4, will be a model for England, Canada and New Zealand, which are all considering private use amendments to their legislation.

When contemplating the expansion of a brand into the United States marketplace, foreign trade mark owners often want to take advantage of the panache and elegance that American consumers typically associate with foreign locations. In order to maintain the commercial impression of a particular brand with a foreign manufacturer, brand owners often create a new composite mark that combines their brand with a geographic designation such as "Milan", "Paris" or "London". These geographic references may help establish consumer association for the brand and may help distinguish the brand from third party marks.

James Nurton, London

Emma Barraclough, London

It is not sufficient only to register a trade mark in Turkey but also use it in the Turkish market.

In Sweden, universities and other higher education institutions (HEIs) are classed as government agencies, and their main task as stipulated by law is to contribute to research and education. Like all Swedish government agencies, HEIs must abide by the Principle of Public Access to Official Documents. The conflict of interest between, on one hand, the need for increased commercialization of research results and therefore keeping certain results confidential to fulfil the novelty requirement in patent law and, on the other hand, the ambition to promote free research, and the publication of research results becomes obvious. How can this conflict be resolved?

Russia is becoming an attractive market niche for many a businessman. Some build factories and plants, others register trade marks and grant licences. The more wary begin their penetration into the Russian market by testing the waters and simply appoint agents to sell their products. But we live in a balanced world: if you save on the one side you inevitably lose on the other.

The Commercial Court of Lisbon, the main Portuguese court dealing with patent matters, has recently handed down a decision, backed up after appeal by the Appeal Court of Lisbon, that is a serious warning about the quality of translations filed for the validation of European patents as a literal interpretation of bad translated claims can affect the scope of the protection.