The general test for anticipation in the Pakistan Patents Ordinance 2000 is that an invention must not form part of the "state of the art"; that is it must not be disclosed to the public anywhere in the world by publication in tangible form, by oral disclosure, use or in any other way. Whether or not such a disclosure is enabling or makes the underlying technology available to the public is not decisive. Given this, a prior generic disclosure of a new chemical entity (NCE) in the so-called Markush grouping claim format, followed by a specific listing or enumeration of a 'species' is anticipatory whether or not the 'species' is actually made and tested or could not be made or tested by the person skilled in the art. On the other hand, because of the statutory exclusion of new or subsequent uses of a known product or process from the scope of patentable subject matter, such a disclosure 'as such' does not give rise to a right to re-claim the invention in a later patent even if its subsequent use in the same or a different field is not anticipatory.