On November 20 2013, in a case involving the trade mark Birkenstock between Birkenstock Orthopaedie Gmbh & Co, KG and Philippine Shoe Expo (PSE) (GR no 194307), the Philippines Supreme Court ruled that Birkenstock is the true and lawful owner of the mark Birkenstock and that PSE was in bad faith in having an identical mark registered in its name. The Court approved the conclusion of the Director General of the Intellectual Property Office (IPOPHL) who stated that the mark Birkenstock is obviously of German origin and is a highly distinct and arbitrary mark, and that it is very remote and incredible that two persons could coin the same or identical mark for use in the same line of business without any plausible explanation from PSE.